Обнаружил старательно спрятанную в интернете статью
The Beginnings of Metallurgy in the Old World. James D. Muhly
В Тепези действительно анализ одного из шил показал наличие мышьяка ( 0,8 %), что было принято как свидетельство о плавке меди. Последующие годы показали, что в самородной меди мышьяк может присутствовать и до 5 % и один из экземпляров иранской шахты Анарак-Тельмесси содержал 3 % мышьяка. Соответственно, наличие мышьяка в меди не может служит доказательством плавки. Посему медь в Тепези самородная и добывалась недалеко.
Длинную цитату из статьи прилеплю на всякий пожарный:
Early Metallurgy in the Ancient Near East
The earliest example of the use of copper is often taken to be the small oval-shaped pendant from the Shanidar Cave in Iraqi Kurdistan, dated to the early ninth millennium B.c. (Solecki 1969). It is more likely that this pendant, said to be completely mineralized, was in fact never metallic copper but malachite carved as a semiprecious stone. It is unfortunate that there still is considerable confusion between mineral and metal. As recently as 1984 we find a hematite macehead from Korucutepe, southeastern Anatolia, being presented as evidence for the early use of iron and the beginnings of iron metallurgy (Yakar 1984, pp. 67, 73).
The first uncontested use of metallic copper dates to the late eighth millennium B.C. Joint Turkish-American excavations at the aceramic Neolithic site of Cayönü Tepesi in southeastern Turkey, under the direction of Halet Çambel and Robert Braidwood, have uncovered well over fifty artifacts made of metallic copper and numerous beads carved directly from malachite. Many of the copper and malachite finds come from the so-called Intermediate Layer, between the two building levels known as the Grill Phase and the Cell Phase. A series of sixteen radiocarbon dates place this early phase of occupation at Cayönü within the period 7250-6750 B-C. (Braidwood et al. 1981; Çambel and Braidwood 1983; Schirmer 1983).
indicates that they were all made of native copper — most likely native copper collected at the great Ergani Maden mines located only some 20 km north of the site. Of special interest is the fact that several of the Cayönü artifacts show evidence of recrystallization, indicating that the objects had been annealed during the working or hammering stage of fabrication. Evidence for this annealing can be seen in an "awl" and two "hooks" from Cayönü (ÇT 70.1.5, CT 72.1.14, ÇT 84.1.19; figures 1A and 1.2).
This application of pyrotechnology to copper artifacts that arc, in fact, the earliest such artifacts yet excavated, is quite astounding. I would also argue that the evidence shows that the smiths at Cayönü did not yet understand the effects of annealing and did not really know what they were doing. They reheated the artifact to prevent it from cracking or splitting under continued hammering. Such cracking can be seen in some of the heavily cold-worked artifacts from Cayönü, including one of the awls we have studied (CT Bl.1.6; figure 1.3). But after annealing the "hooks" and "awls" being made at Cayönü, the smith then left them in the softened state, obviously not fully understanding the effects of recrystallization. This is not surprising as we are here on the very threshold of copper metallurgy.
Figuree
1.1 Awl from Cayönü Tepesi (ÇT 70.1.5) she evidence of recrystallization produced by annealing, presence of nonmetallic inclusions is readily visible, analysis gave 99.91% Cu, 0.025% Ni, 0.875% As, 0.( Zn, and 0.014% Fc.
1.2 Hook from Cayönü Tepesi (CT 72.1.14) showing evidence of recrystallization produced by annealing. The presence of nonmetallic inclusions is also readily visible. It is likely that there was some further cold-working after annealing. P1XE analysis gave 99.69% Cu, 0.02% Ni, 0.04% Zn, 0.011% Pb, and 0.03 7% Fe.
1.3 Awl from Cayönü Tepesi (CT B 1.1.6) showing customary cracking resulting from extensive cold-working. PIXE analysis gave 99.6% Cu, 0.03% Ni. 0.028% As, 0.031% Zn, 0.035% Ag, and 0.014% Pb.
Another interesting aspect of the copper artifacts from Cayönü is that several of them show evidence of significant amounts of arsenic. The first analysis of one of the awls or reamers from Cayönü, by the German team of Junghans, Sangmeister, and Schröder, reported 0.8% arsenic (Esin 1969, p. 130; JSS 18 431). This was in turn taken as evidence for the smelting of arsenic-bearing copper ores already in this incipient stage of copper metallurgy (Selimchanow 1977, p. 4; Esin 1976, pp. 212ff). We now realize, thanks to the studies of George Rapp, that native coppers from around the world can contain as much as 5.0% arsenic and that a specimen from the Anarak-Talmessi mines in Iran contained 3.0% arsenic (Rapp 1982, p. 35). There is no need to reconstruct a copper smelting technology at seventh millennium B.c. Cayönü.
I have discussed the material from Cayönü at such length not just because I am working on the material myself, together with Robert Maddin and Tamara Stech, but because at Cayönü we are looking at the earliest metal artifacts yet known from any archaeo¬logical context. At Cayönü we are the closest we have ever come to the origins of copper metallurgy. The high level of technological achievement in metallurgy is repeated in other aspects of the site's material culture. The rooms in the buildings at Cayönü had true terrazzo floors made of pieces of grayish white and reddish orange limestone bonded in a lime mortar and then carefully polished.
What makes the material from Cayönü all the more surprising is that nearby contemporary sites, showing many similar traits in material culture, have produced no evidence for the use of metal. A French team excavating at Cafer Höyük, located just to the northwest of Cayönü (figure 1.4), has uncovered a site having many close parallels with Cayönü, but in four seasons of excavation they have not yet found a single object of copper (Cauvin 1985). The abundance of such finds at Cayönü remains a great enigma. It is fair to say that the more we leam about Cayönü, the more baffling the site becomes.
The extensive modem copper mines at Ergani Maden have never been investigated for possible traces of ancient mining activity. For the seventh and sixth millennia B.c., when exploitation amounted to no more than collecting lumps of native copper, it is hard to imagine what sort of physical evidence could possibly survive to attest to the utilization of a particular ore deposit. Nevertheless there are geographical factors that support the identification of Ergani Maden as the source of much of the copper found at Neolithic sites in Anatolia and in northern Mesopotamia. The Tigris was navigable, by raft or hide boat, from Cayönü down the length of Mesopotamia. It is entirely possible that the small number of copper artifacts from seventh and sixth millennia B.c. levels at such Mesopotamian sites as Tell Maghzaliyeh, Tell Sotto, Yarim Tepe, Tellul eth-Thalathat, Tell es-Sawwan, and even the nearby Iranian site of Ali Kosh (figure 1.5) were all made of Ergani copper. [For finds, see Moorey (1982, pp. 17-18) and Muhly (1983, pp. 350-351).]
A recent publication of the awl from Tell Magh-zaliyeh (figure 1.6), which is dated in the seventh millennium B.c. and is thus the earliest copper artifact from Mesopotamia, tries to show that the awl was made of copper from the Anarak-Talmessi mines in Iran (Ryndina and Yakhontova 1985). The argument is based on evidence from the trace element composition of the copper and, like all such arguments, simply cannot be accepted. Although still not widely appreciated, it has long been recognized that the various processes of smelting, remelting, refining, mixing, and even alloying so altered the chemical composition of every ancient metal artifact that attempts to establish provenance on the basis of chemical composition are doomed to failure (Muhly 1973, pp. 339-342; Gale and Stos-Gale 1982, pp. 11-12).